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Figure 1 | Optical Nanoscopy

Figure 1

From: Dynamic fluorescence imaging of the free radical products of X-ray absorption in live cells

Figure 1

Illustration of the modified confocal fluorescence microscope for imaging x-ray generated free radicals in live cells. (a) The Zeiss LSM410 microscope was modified by removing the condenser optics and tilting back the condenser column (contact switch disabled) to allow the x-ray tube to be positioned over the sample stage. The microscope’s mercury lamp was used for UV illumination. All cell experiments used a 20X objective. (b) The custom sample stage minimizes attenuation of the x-ray beam by the buffer medium above the cells while maintaining the volume of the medium. The stage consists of a glass-bottom petri dish suitable for inverted microscopes, and a dip cup above the glass bottom of the dish that serves as a window for the x-ray beam. The dip cup has a membrane bottom of 30 μm Kapton film. The layer of buffer medium between the membrane and the cells is 0.4 mm.

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